Our study reveals that more in depth researches are required to identify criminals in the Dark Web with new prominent way, the crypto markets and Dark Web discussion forums analysis is crucial for forensic investigations, the anonymity provided by Dark Web services can be used as a weapon to catch the criminals and digital evidences should be analysed and processed in a way that follows the law enforcement to make the seizure of the criminals and shutting down the illicit sites in the Dark Web. The result of this systematic literature review provides (i) comprehensive knowledge on the growing crimes proceeding with Dark Web (ii) assessing the social, economic and ethical impacts of the cyber-crimes happening inside the Dark Web and (iii) analysing the challenges, established techniques and methods to locate the criminals and their drawbacks. For this SLR 65 most relevant articles from leading electronic databases were selected for data extraction and synthesis to answer our predefined research questions. We used Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with the aspiration to provide the direction and aspect of emerging crime threats in the Dark Web for the researchers and specialist in Cyber security field. In this paper, we will appraise the Dark Web by analysing the crimes with their consequences and enforced methods as well as future manoeuvres to lessen the crime threats. To discover the potential solutions towards cyber-crimes evaluating the sailing Dark Web crime threats is a crucial step. However, the sheer size, unpredictable ecosystem and anonymity provided by the Dark Web services are the essential confrontations to trace the criminals. Cyber-crimes happening inside the Dark Web are alike the real world crimes. Moreover, the Tor network also shows the characteristics of small-world and scale-free networks.ĭark Web is one of the most challenging and untraceable mediums adopted by the cyber criminals, terrorists, and state-sponsored spies to fulfil their illicit motives. Several important and well-known websites on the surface web have incoming links from the dark web.
Like the surface web, the dark web can also be decomposed into a bow-tie structure though with small component sizes. The Tor web graph is sparse with a few connected pairs of nodes. The presence of power-law in degree distribution could neither be confirmed nor denied. It was found that most of the nodes of the graph have in-degree and out-degree less than ten. Various graph metrics are then computed and analyzed for both directed and undirected graphs using the Python NetworkX package.
Each of the nodes in the graph represents an individual Tor hidden service, and an edge denotes the hyperlink from one hidden service to the other. The web graph is generated from the data collected by the Python crawler customized to scrape data from the Tor dark web. This paper analyzes the internal structure of the Tor dark web graph and examines the presence of bow-tie structure as found in the World Wide Web. The web graph can be used to get insight into the internal structure and connectivity of the Tor dark web.
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